Face the Facts 2005
Questions and Answers about Migrants & Multiculturalism
- How many people migrate to Australia ?
- Where do migrants come from ?
- Who can migrate ?
- Where do migrants settle in Australia ?
- What are the impacts of migration ?
- How diverse are Australians ?
- What is multiculturalism ?
- Further reading
1. How many people migrate to Australia?
In 2003-04, the number of new migrants who settled permanently in Australia was 148,884. This figure included:
- 111,590 people living overseas who applied for and were granted a visa allowing them to enter and stay permanently in Australia (these are called 'settler arrivals')
- 37,294 people already living in Australia on temporary visas (such as student or business visas) who applied for and were granted a visa allowing them to stay permanently in Australia. 1
Overseas Migrants
In 2003-04, 111,590 new settlers arrived in Australia from overseas. 2 This figure included 51,529 (46.2 %) skilled migrants, 29,548 (26.5%) family migrants, 18,717 (16.8 %) New Zealanders (who freely enter Australia to live and work under the Trans-Tasman Travel Agreement), 10,335 (9.3 %) refugees and humanitarian entrants and 1,254 (1.1 %) others, including former citizens returning to Australia. 3
Click here for information about settler arrivals for 1992-2004.The number of settler arrivals changes each year according to the number of visas issued by the Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (DIMIA). Table 1.1 shows these changes.
Table 1.1: Settler arrivals, 1992-2004
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Sources: DIMIA, Fact Sheet 2 - Key Facts in Immigration (accessed 18 February 2005)
DIMIA, Fact Sheet 5 Emigration from Australia (accessed 18 February 2005)
DIMIA, Immigration Update 2003-2004, January 2005, at:
Onshore Migrants
Settler arrival statistics do not tell the full story about permanent migration. In recent years, a growing number of people who are already in Australia on temporary visas (such as student or business visas) have applied for and been granted visas allowing them to stay permanently after their arrival in Australia.
In 2003-04, 37,294 people already in Australia were granted visas allowing them to stay permanently in Australia.4 This figure included 23,322 skilled migrants, 12,639 family migrants, and 603 refugees and humanitarian entrants. 5
Post-war migration
Since 1945, over six million people have come to Australia as new settlers. Australia received more than 900,000 migrants during the 1990s, compared with:
- 1.1 million in the 1980s
- 960,000 in the 1970s
- 1.3 million in the 1960s
- 1.6 million between October 1945 and 30 June 1960. 6
Figures 1.1 and 1.2 show that current levels of migration are relatively low compared with migrant intakes in the 1950s and 1960s.
Figure 1.1: Settler arrivals in Australia: October 1945-June 2000
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*This group contains six financial years.
** The data to 1959 was for permanent long term arrivals.
Source: DIMIA, Immigration: Federation to Century's End 1901-2000, Table 5: Country of birth of settler arrivals, pages 26-27.
Figure 1.2: Settler Arrivals in Australia: 1993-94 to 2003-04
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Source: DIMIA, Settler Arrivals 1993-94 to 2003-04 Australia, Table 1.1: Settler arrivals by birthplace, page 9.
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2. Where do migrants come from?
Until the 1970s, the 'White Australia' policy restricted immigration from non-European countries.7 Today's immigration policies are not racially discriminatory. Anyone can apply for a visa to settle permanently in Australia regardless of their ethnic origin, race, religion or gender.
In 2003-04, the top 10 source countries for permanent settlers were: the United Kingdom (23,958); New Zealand (14,425); China (13,316); India (11,359); South Africa (7,578); Malaysia (5,101); Philippines (4,705); Sudan (4,604); Indonesia (4,393); and Singapore (3,114).8
Click here for the top 10 birthplaces of new settlers to Australia from 1990 to 2000
Figure 2.1 shows that while New Zealand and the United Kingdom contributed most migrants over the last decade, a large proportion (40.3%) have come from a wide variety of 'other' source countries resulting in a great diversity of small and emerging ethnic communities in Australia.
Figure 2.1: Top 10 Birthplaces of new settlers, 1990-2000
Source: DIMIA, Immigration - Federation to Century's End, 1901-2000 Table 5, October 2001.
Figure 2.2: Region of origin of new migrants in Australia, 2003-04
The values are:
- Europe: 23%
- South-east Asia: 15%
- North-east Asia: 14%
- Oceania: 13%
- Southern Asia: 11%
- Sub-Saharan Africa: 9%
- North Africa and the Middle East: 8%
- Northern America: 3%
- Central Asia: 1%
- Central and Southern America: 1.4%
Source: DIMIA, Immigration Update 2003-04, Jan 2005. Table 1.5 Permanent Additions by Country of Birth, 2003-4, page 10.
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3. Who can migrate?
New Zealanders can enter, live and work in Australia under the terms of the Trans-Tasman Travel Agreement and do not need a visa. All other migrants must apply for a visa to come to Australia. To get a visa, migrants must pass health and character checks and meet certain entrance criteria depending on the category they fit into. They are selected by the Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (DIMIA) under the following broad categories:
- Skill Stream migrants are chosen according to their occupation, age, education, work experience and English language ability. While some skilled migrants are sponsored by an employer or relative in Australia, the majority are skilled migrants who must pass a points test9 and satisfy minimum requirements of skill, age and English language ability. In 2003-04, there were 71,240 places for Skill Stream migrants. 10 The proportion of skilled migrants in Australia's overall migration program has risen from 37.3% in 1996-97 to 62.3% in 2003-04. 11
- Family Stream migrants are chosen according to their relationship with a sponsor who must be a close family member and an Australian resident or citizen. In 2003-04, there were 42,229 Family Stream visas granted. 12 The majority of Family Stream migrants (85.6% in 2003-04) are the spouses or fiances of Australian citizens or permanent residents. 13 Many visa classes in the Family Stream are strictly limited. 14 The proportion of Family Stream migrants in Australia's overall migration program has fallen from 49% in 1996-97 to 37% in 2003-04.15
- Humanitarian Program entrants are chosen because they are refugees or people in need of humanitarian assistance. In 2003-04, there were 13,850 visas granted under the Humanitarian Program. 16
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4. Where do migrants and refugees settle in Australia?
Figure 4.1: New permanent settlers (including offshore and settler arrivals) by state/territory of intended residence, 2003-04.
Source: DIMIA, Immigration Update 2003 -04, Jan 2005, Table 1.3. Permanent Additions by Selected Characteristics 2003-04, page 8.
Note: Figures do not total 148,884 exactly due to some migrants not stating their place of intended settlement. (Note: % has been rounded up to nearest 0.5 %)
Click here for the top 10 birthplaces of new settlers to Australia from 1990 to 2000Table 4.1: Settler arrivals to Australian capital cities, 1 January - 31 December 2002
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Source: DIMIA Settlement Database, 12 February 2003.
Do migrants form 'ghettoes'?
The term 'ghetto' originated from the medieval European practice of segregating Jews in particular areas within or outside cities. In contemporary Australia, this term is sometimes used to describe an area of a city with higher concentrations of a particular ethnic group. 11 Census statistics show that ethnic enclaves are rare in Australia: most areas have a settlement history characterised by successive layering of different migrant groups who arrive in different time periods.
Table 4.2: Main overseas-born groups by select statistical local areas, 2001
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Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics,
2001 Basic Community Profiles and Snapshots (by Statistical Local
Areas).
*Excluding overseas visitors.
11. James Jupp, Andrea McRobbie & Barry York, Metropolitan Ghettoes and Ethnic Concentrations, vol. 1. Centre for Immigration and Multicultural Studies, 1990.
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5. What are the impacts of migration?
Economy
Migrants contribute to the economic development of Australia in many ways, such as: filling skill shortages; investing in the Australian economy; and fostering international trade through knowledge of overseas markets, business networks, cultural practices and languages other than English.
- Migration raises average incomes and increases the scale of the economy generating wealth and employment for all Australians. Econtech estimates that a continuation of the current Migration Program would increase Australian living standards by around $21 billion by 2021-22. 17
- Federal and State governments enjoy benefits from extra migrants because of the tax revenue they generate. However, State governments can be exposed to additional costs, including education and health care. Skilled migrants are most beneficial to the Federal Budget because they earn more money, pay more taxes and make less use of government services. 18
- Australia's multi-lingual multicultural workforce can increase productivity and help businesses gain a competitive advantage. 19
Employment
The research outlined below shows that immigration does not cause higher unemployment. In fact, migrants create jobs by increasing demand for goods and services. Research also shows that the ability of migrants to participate in the workforce increases the longer they live in Australia.
- In August 2004, the unemployment rate for all people born overseas was 5.3% compared with 5.5% for those born in Australia. 20
- While the unemployment rate of new migrants immediately after their arrival is higher than the Australian average, their unemployment rate falls significantly over time. Long-established migrants (23 years residence or more) have lower rates of unemployment than the Australian-born (4.2 % compared with 6%). 21
- Recent research suggests that the success with which new migrants find jobs is also related to their proficiency in English, age, skill level and qualifications and migration category. 22
- More than half (55%) of all migrants arrive in Australia with a post-school qualification. However, less than half (48%) of all migrants who arrive with a skilled or basic vocational qualification have their qualification recognised in Australia. Migrants from Southeast Asia are especially disadvantaged: less than one-third (30%) of migrants with post-school qualifications obtained in the Southeast Asian region had their qualification recognised in Australia. 23
Welfare system
- Migrants must wait two years before they can access most social security payments, including unemployment assistance, sickness benefits or student allowances. This waiting period does not apply to refugees and other humanitarian entrants on Permanent Protection Visas. 24
- Sponsors of some family migrants must lodge a bond ensuring repayment to the government if the migrant claims social security benefits within two years of arrival. This bond is between $1,500 and $3,500 per person.25
- Most new migrants are not eligible for age or disability pensions until 10 years after their arrival in Australia.26
- In an effort to reduce health and welfare costs associated with aged migrants, parent migration was dramatically reduced from 8,890 in 1995-96 to a planned intake of 500 in 2001-02.27 In 2003, a new parent visa category (the Contributory Parent Visa) was introduced for applicants who are able to pay $25,000 for a visa (in addition to a $10,000 bond).28
Population
Since Federation, natural population increase (the number of births minus the number of deaths) has generally contributed more to Australia's annual population growth than migration. However, with declining fertility and an ageing population, this is likely to change over the next few decades. Immigration will become a more important influence on population growth or decline.
In recent years, there has been much debate about the need for a population policy and the role of migration in such a policy. Australia's population is an ageing one. This demographic shift has important long-term implications for Australia's future economic growth and overall living standards. Research suggests that migration can help counter the negative effects of an ageing population. 29
Click here - to read 'The Impact of Immigration on the Ageing of Australia's Population Proceedings' of the Policy Implications of the Ageing of Australia's Population Conference, Melbourne, 1999.http://www.immi.gov.au/population/ageing.htm and Click here - to read the conclusions from the Australian Population Summit, Melbourne, 2002. www.ozprospect.org/communique.html
Environment
Concern has grown in recent years about the impacts of population growth on the natural environment. Critics of current levels of migration argue that Australia does not have the 'carrying capacity' for a larger population.30 Others argue that Australia's environmental problems would not disappear with a smaller population because environmental damage is caused by other factors such as wasteful consumption patterns and poor management of natural resources. 31
Crime
Current research shows no evidence of a causal connection between crime and ethnicity: some overseas-born groups have lower crime rates and some have higher crime rates than the Australian-born population.32 This does not mean that crime is linked to ethnicity. Overall, the crime rate of the overseas born population has been lower than that of the Australian born population. Factors such as unemployment, education, socio-economic disadvantage and lack of access to services have more bearing than ethnicity on crime rates.33
- In 2002, people born in Australia were imprisoned at a rate of 156 per 100,000 while those born overseas were imprisoned at a rate of 146 per 100,000. 34
- As of 30 June 2004, 74% of all prisoners were born in Australia. Persons born in Vietnam were the next largest birthplace group (2.8%), followed by the UK and Ireland (2.62%) and New Zealand (2.5%).35
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6. How diverse are Australians?
Many years of migration from a range of countries has made Australia culturally diverse.
Overseas-born
- In the 2001 Census, about one-fifth of Australia's population stated that they were born overseas. 36 At June 2002, overseas born residents in Australia comprised of 4.6 million people, remaining at approximately 23% of the total population. 37
- Within the western world, Australia has a high proportion of overseas-born persons (23.1%). This is higher than New Zealand (18.7%) and Canada (18.4%), and much higher than the United States (11.4%). 38
- At the 2001 Census, of the overseas-born population, most came from the United Kingdom (25.4%), New Zealand (8.7%) and Italy (5.4%).39
- Western Australia has the highest proportion of residents born overseas (28.5%). New South Wales and Victoria have almost equal proportions of overseas-born people (24.8% and 24.6% respectively) followed by the ACT (22.6 %) and South Australia (21.2 %), Queensland (18.0 %), NT (15.5 %) and Tasmania (10.5%). 40
Ancestry
- In 2001, there were 3,477,189 Australian born people with one or both parents born overseas (25% of population). 41
- In the 2001 Census, the three most common ancestries that people identified with were Australian (35.9%), English (33.9%) and Irish (10.2%). 42
- Other common ancestries included Italian (4.3%), German (4.0%), Chinese (3.0%), Scottish (2.9%), Greek (2.0%), Dutch (1.4%), Lebanese (0.9%) and Vietnamese (0.8%).43
Language
- In 2001, 16% of Australians spoke a language other than English in their homes. This represents an increase of 8% since 1996.44
- Collectively, Australians speak over 200 languages. In 2001, Italian (with 353,605 speakers) was the most popular language other than English spoken at home followed by Greek (263,718), Cantonese (225,307), Arabic (209,372) and Vietnamese (174,236).45
Religion
- Christians make up 68% of the population. Two major Christian denominations (Anglicans and Catholics) account for almost half (47.3%) of the population. Buddhism is the largest non-Christian religion and accounts for 1.9% of the population. Islam is the second largest non-Christian religion at 1.5% of the population. 15% of Australians said they had no religion.46
Click here - for information about Australian Muslimshttp://www.humanrights.gov.au/racial_discrimination/isma/fact_muslim.html Click here for further reading on this topic
7. What is multiculturalism?
Australia is made up of people from diverse cultures and backgrounds. Multiculturalism celebrates this diversity and recognises the challenges and opportunities that come with it. The main principles of Australia's multicultural policy are:
- Responsibilities of all - all Australians have a civic duty to support those basic structures and principles of Australian society which guarantee us our freedom and equality and enable diversity in our society to flourish.
- Respect for each person - subject to the law, all Australians have the right to express their own culture and beliefs and have a reciprocal obligation to respect the right of others to do the same.
- Fairness for each person - all Australians are entitled to equality of treatment and opportunity. Social equity allows us all to contribute to the social, political and economic life of Australia, free from discrimination, including on the grounds of race, culture, religion, language, location, gender or place of birth.
- Benefits for all - all Australians benefit from productive diversity, that is, the significant cultural, social and economic dividends arising from the diversity of our population. Diversity works for all Australians. 47
Australian citizenship
Taking up Australian citizenship is one way migrants show their willingness to participate fully in Australia's democratic institutions and carry out their 'civic duty'.
Table 7.1 shows the citizenship take-up rate for specific birthplace groups based on the 2001 census. The overall citizenship take-up rate for all overseas-born Australians eligible to become citizens was 74% at the time of the census. 48
In 2003-04, people from over 150 different countries took out Australian citizenship, the majority of whom came from the United Kingdom and New Zealand. 49
Table 7.1: Citizenship rates in 2001 for overseas-born people resident in Australia for two years or more.
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Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Year Book Australia 2005, Table 5.67 Citizenship Rates, overseas-born people resident in Australia for two years or more 2001
Did you know?
- There was no notion of Australian citizenship until the Nationality and Citizenship Act 1948 came into effect in 1949. Prior to that, Australians were 'British subjects'. British subjects who were born in Australia or had lived in Australia since 26 January 1944 automatically became Australian citizens. Everyone else, including British subjects, had to apply for Australian citizenship. 50
- Between 1949 and 1973, the rules about who could apply to become an Australian citizen varied according to the level of knowledge of the English language and ethnic origin of the person. 51
- In this period, British migrants could apply for Australian citizenship after one year's residence in Australia. They could also enter Australia without a visa and were eligible to access public housing, access the same welfare benefits as Australian citizens and to vote in Australian elections.52
- In the same period, non-British European migrants could only apply for Australian citizenship if they had lived in Australia for five years and had an 'adequate knowledge of the rights, responsibilities and privileges of Australian citizenship'. 53
- Between 1949 and 1956, Australian residents who were neither British nor European could not apply for Australian citizenship at all. In 1956, this rule changed to allow non-Europeans who had lived in Australia for 15 years or more to apply for Australian citizenship. 54
- In 1973, distinctions between European and non-European migrants were removed from Australian citizenship law altogether. 55
- British subjects who were on the Australian electoral roll before January 1984 can still vote in Australian elections even though they are not Australian citizens.56
- From 1948 to 1987, the Nationality and Citizenship Act defined an alien as 'a person who does not have the status of a British subject and is not an Irish citizen or a protected person'. 57
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Further Reading
Question 1: How many people migrate to Australia?
Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (DIMIA), Population Flows: Immigration Aspects, Commonwealth of Australia, 2003-04 Edition, January 2005.
DIMIA, Fact Sheet 40 - Special Eligibility Stream.
DIMIA, Immigration: Federation to Century's End, 1901-2001, Canberra, October 2001.
DIMIA, Immigration Update 2003-2004, January 2005.
Question 2: Where do migrants come from?
DIMIA, Population Flows: Immigration Aspects, 2003-04 Edition, January 2005.
DIMIA, Immigration Update 2003-2004, January 2005.
Race Discrimination Commissioner, New Country, New Stories: Discrimination and disadvantage experienced by people in small and emerging communities, HREOC, Sydney, 1999.
Question 3: Who can migrate?
DIMIA, Population Flows: Immigration Aspects, 2003-04 Edition, January 2005.
DIMIA, Fact Sheet 31- Family Stream Migration Parents.
DIMIA, Fact Sheet 29 - Overview of Family Stream Migration.
DIMIA, Fact Sheet 24 - Overview of Skilled Migration.
DIMIA, Fact Sheet 30 - Family Stream Migration Partners.
DIMIA, Fact Sheet 21- Managing the Migration Program.
Question 4: Where do migrants settle in Australia?
Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Demographic Statistics, (3101.0) Preliminary, Estimated Resident Population at 31 December 2001, 27 May 2002.
DIMIA, Fact Sheet 26 - State/Territory Specific Migration.
DIMIA, Immigration Update 2003-2004, January 2005.
James Jupp et al, Metropolitan Ghettoes and Ethnic Concentrations, Volume 1, Centre for Multicultural Studies, University of Wollongong, 1990.
Question 5: What are the impacts of migration?
Economy
Access Economics, The Impact of Permanent Migrants on State and Territory Budgets, Canberra, May 2002.
Bill Cope & Mary Kalantzis, Productive Diversity: Work and Management in Diverse Communities and Global Markets, Pluto Press, Sydney, 1997.
Jason Soon, 'Stelzer on Immigration: Some lessons for Australia', Policy, vol. 17 (4), Summer 2001-02, pp 11-16.
Ross Garnaut, Migration to Australia and Comparisons with the United States: Who Benefits? DIMIA, May 2002.
Access Economics, The Importance of Age in Migrants, Fiscal Impact, Prepared for DIMIA, 2003.
Employment
Bob Birrell, Skilled Labour: Gains and Losses, Centre for Population and Urban Research, Monash University, July 2001.
Deborah Cobb-Clark, 'Immigration and unemployment: New Australian evidence', in
James Jupp (ed), Immigration and Multiculturalism: Global Perspectives, Committee for Economic Development of Australia, November 1999.
DIMIA Population Flows: Immigration Aspects, 2003-04 Edition, January 2005.
Lesleyanne Hawthorne, The Question of Racism: Skilled Migrants and Australian Employment, DIMIA, Canberra, 1997.
Race Discrimination Commissioner, 'Employment', Chapter 5 in New Country, New Stories: Discrimination and disadvantage experienced by people in small and emerging communities, HREOC, Sydney, 1999.
Sue Richardson, Labour Force Experience of New Migrants, National Institute of Labour Studies, Flinders University, August 2001.
Welfare system
DIMIA, Fact Sheet 34 -Assurance of Support.
Population
DIMIA, Fact Sheet 15 - Population Projections.
DIMIA, Population Flows: Immigration Aspects, 2003-04 Edition, January 2005, Chapter 1, Population Growth and International Movement.
Productivity Commission, Policy Implications of the Ageing of Australia's Population Conference, 10 August 1999.
Peter McDonald & Rebecca Kippen, The Impact of Immigration on the Ageing of Australia's Population, DIMIA, May 1999.
The Rt Hon. Malcolm Fraser, 'A Message to Participants in the Population Summit', Melbourne, February 2002.
Environment
Barney Foran & Franzi Poldy, Future Dilemmas: Options to 2050 for Australia's Population, Technology, Resources and Environment, CSIRO & DIMIA, Canberra, October 2002.
The Hon. Bob Carr MP, Opening Speech by the New South Wales Premier at National Conference of Australians for an Ecologically Sustainable Population, Sydney, August 1997.
Sustainable Population Australia Website, at: http://www.population.org.au
Crime
Australian Bureau of Statistics, Prisoners in Australia (Catalogue No. 4517.0), 22 January 2004.
DIMIA, Fact Sheet 79 - The Character Requirement.
Jock Collins et al, Kebabs, Kids, Cops and Crime, Pluto Press, Annandale, 2000.
Kayleen M Hazlehurst, Migration, Ethnicity and Crime in Australian Society, Australian Institute of Criminology, September 1987.
R White, S Perrone, C Guerra & R Lampugnani, Overview Report: Ethnic Youth Gangs in Australia: Do They Exist? Australian Multicultural Foundation, Melbourne, 1999.
Australian Institute of Criminology Website, at: http://www.aic.gov.au
R White, 'Racism, Policing and Ethnic Youth Gangs', Current Issues in Criminal Justice, Vol. 7(3), March 1996, pp 302-313.
Mukherjee, Ethnicity and Crime, Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No. 117, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra, 1999.
Question 6: How diverse are Australians?
Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2001 Census of Population and Housing, Selected Social and Housing Characteristics, Australia (Catalogue No. 2015.0), 17 June 2002.
Australian Bureau of Statistics, 1996 Census of Population and Housing, Selected Characteristics.
Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Social Trends 2004 (Catalogue No. 4102.0).
DIMIA, The People of Australia: Statistics from the 2001 Census, 2003.
Australian Bureau of Statistics, Year Book Australia 2005, (Catalogue No. 1301.0).
DIMIA, Fact Sheet 7 Productive Diversity: Australia's Competitive Advantage.
Australian Multicultural Foundation and DIMIA, Religion, Cultural Diversity and Safeguarding Australia, 2004.
Arab Australians
Abe W Ata, 'Arabs, images and the Western/Australian media', Eastern Anthropologist, Vol. 40(3), 1987, pp 237-249.
Ghassan Hage, (ed) Arab-Australians Today: citizenship and belonging, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 2002.
Michael Humphrey, 'The Lebanese War and Lebanese Immigrant Cultures: a comparative study of Lebanese in Australia and Uruguay', Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 9(4), 1986, pp 445-460.
Michael Humphrey, 'Sectarianism and the Politics of Identity: the Lebanese in Sydney', in Hourani & Shehadi (eds) The Lebanese in the World: A Century of Emigration, Centre for Lebanese Studies, London, 1992, pp 443-71.
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, Isma - Listen: National Consultations on eliminating prejudice against Arab and Muslim Australians.
Muslim Australians
Gary Bouma, Many Religions, All Australian: Religious Settlement, Identity and Cultural Diversity, Christian Research Association, Melbourne, 1997.
Bilal Cleland, Muslims in Australia: A Brief History, Islamic Council of Victoria, 2002.
Michael Humphrey, Islam, Multiculturalism and Transnationalism: From the Lebanese Diaspora, Centre for Lebanese Studies, London, 1998.
Islamic Council of New South Wales, A Brief History of the Muslim Community in Australia.
Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs and Australian Multicultural Foundation; Abdullah Saeed, Muslim Australians: Their Beliefs Practices and Institutions.
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, Isma - Listen: National Consultations on eliminating prejudice against Arab and Muslim Australians.
Question 7: What is multiculturalism?
Advisory Council on Multicultural Affairs, National Agenda for a Multicultural Australia, AGPS, Canberra, 1989.
Commonwealth of Australia, Multicultural Australia: United in Diversity, 2003.
Geoffrey Blainey, All for Australia, Methuen-Haynes, North Ryde (NSW), 1984.
Ghassan Hage, White Nation: Fantasies of White Supremacy in a Multicultural Society, Pluto Press, Sydney, 1998.
Ien Ang et al, Living Diversity: Australia's Multicultural Future, Special Broadcasting Service, Artarmon (NSW), November 2002.
James Jupp, From White Australia to Woomera - The Story of Australian Migration Cambridge University Press, Cambridge December 2002.
James Jupp, Understanding Australian Multiculturalism, AGPS, Canberra, 1996.
Mary Kalantzis & Bill Cope, A Place in the Sun: Recreating the Australian Way of Life, Harper Collins, Sydney, 2000.
Migrant Services and Programs: Report of the Review of Post-arrival Programs and Services for Migrants (The Galbally Report), AGPS, Canberra, 1978.
National Multicultural Advisory Council, Australian Multiculturalism for a New Century: towards inclusiveness, AGPS, Canberra, April 1999.
Pauline Hanson (Member for Oxley), 'Grievance Debate: Right to Free Speech', House of Representatives, Hansard, 2 December 1996, p 7441.
Robert Birrell & Katharine Betts, 'Australians' Attitudes to Migration', Review (Institute of Public Affairs), Vol. 53(4), December 2001, pp 3-5.
Robert Birrell, 'The Dynamics of Multiculturalism in Australia', in David Lovell et al, (eds), The Australian Political System, Longman, Melbourne, 1995.
The Rt Hon. Malcolm Fraser, 'Migrant Centres, Reconciliation and Multiculturalism', 2001 Harmony Day Oration, Murdoch University, Western Australia, 21 March 2001.
Citizenship.
Alistair Davidson, From Subject to Citizen: Australian Citizenship in the Twentieth Century, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997.
Ann-Mari Jordens, Alien to Citizen: Settling Migrants in Australia 1945-1975, Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1997.
Ann-Mari Jordens, Redefining Australians: Immigration, Citizenship and National Identity, Hale & Iremonger, Sydney, 1995.
DIMIA, Fact Sheet 90 - Australian Citizenship.
Notes
- Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs (DIMIA), Immigration Update 2003-2004, Table 1.1 Permanent Additions to the Resident Population, January 2005, p7. Note: This information also provided in simpler (non-tabled form) at page 1 of document.
- Ibid. Note: The DIMIA definition of 'settlers' includes: persons arriving in Australia from overseas who hold permanent visas, regardless of stated intended period of stay, New Zealand citizens who indicate an intention to settle, and those who are otherwise eligible to settle (eg. overseas born children of Australian citizens). Note also: The total figure for 'Overseas Migrants' does not include Special Eligibility (207) settler arrivals.
- Ibid.
- Ibid
- Ibid. Note: the total figure for 'Onshore Migrants' does not include 'Special Eligibility' (730 onshore) numbers.
- DIMIA, Fact Sheet 1 - Immigration - the Background (revised by DIMIA 4 November 2001, updated by DIMIA 18 June 2004) (accessed 22 February 2005)
- DIMIA, Fact Sheet 8, Abolition of the White Australia Policy (revised by DIMIA 6 October 2004, updated by DIMIA 7 October 2004) (accessed 29 April 2005).
- DIMIA, Immigration Update 2003-04, Jan 2005, Table 1.5 Permanent Additions by Country of Birth, 2003-04, pp 10-1.
- The points test awards points for skills, age, language ability, employment experience and various other categories. The type of visa applied for will determine the number of points needed to qualify. For more information, see; http://www.immi.gov.au/migration/skilled/advice_doc/gn_pointstest.htm
- DIMIA, Population Flows; Immigration Aspects, 2003-04 Edition, January 2005, Figure 2.3 Migration Program Outcomes 1996-97 to 2004-05 (planned), p 21.
- DIMIA, Population Flows; Immigration Aspects, 2003-04 Edition, January 2005, Figure 2.3 Migration Program Outcomes 1996-97 to 2004-05 (planned), p 21.
- DIMIA, Population Flows; Immigration Aspects, 2003-04 Edition, January 2005, p 26.
- DIMIA, Population Flows; Immigration Aspects, 2003-04 Edition, January 2005, p 26.
- For example, in 2001-02 only 500 visas were available for Working Age and Aged Parents. On 5 March 2003, a new 'contributory' parent visa category was introduced allowing for up to 3,500 parents to migrate on the basis of a higher health charge and social security bond. For this category, applicants must pay $25,000 for a permanent visa and $15,000 for a temporary visa, along with a $10,000 bond. See: DIMIA, Fact Sheet 31 - Family Stream Migration - Parent Category Visas (revised by DIMIA 28 September 2004, updated by DIMIA 30 September 2004) (accessed 22 February 2005).
See also DIMIA, Charges (Fees) - Assurance of Support (updated by DIMIA 21 January 2005) (accessed 10 May 2005).
- DIMIA, Population Flows; Immigration Aspects, 2003-04 Edition, January 2005, p 26.
- DIMIA, Population Flows; Immigration Aspects, 2003-04 Edition, January 2005, Figure 2-19 'Humanitarian Program Outcomes: Visas Granted 1994-95 to 2003-04', p 30.
- DIMIA, Population Flows; Immigration Aspects, 2003-04 Edition, January 2005.
- Chris Richardson, The Economics of Migration, Paper delivered at Migration: Benefiting Australia Conference Sydney, May 2002, pp 115 - 119.
- DIMIA, Fact Sheet 7 - Productive Diversity: Australia's Competitive Advantage (revised by DIMIA 26 November 2003, updated by DIMIA 11 March 2004) (accessed 16 February 2005).
- DIMIA, Population Flows; Immigration Aspects, 2003-04 Edition, January 2005, p81, and DIMIA, Fact Sheet 14 - Migrant Labour Market Outcomes (revised by DIMIA 22 April 2005, updated by DIMIA 25 April 2005) (accessed 10 May 2005).
- Deborah Cobb-Clark, Immigration and unemployment: New Australian evidence, in James Jupp (ed) Immigration and Multiculturalism: Global Perspectives, Committee for Economic Development of Australia, November 1999, p78. See also DIMIA, Fact Sheet 14 - Migrant Labour Market Outcomes, (revised By DIMIA 22 April 2005, updated by DIMIA 26 April 2005) (accessed 10 May 2005). See also DIMIA, Population Flows; Immigration Aspects, 2003-04 Edition, January 2005, pp84-85.
- DIMIA, Population Flows; Immigration Aspects, 2003-04 Edition, January 2005, p87.
- See Australian Bureau of Statistics, Labour Force Status and Other Characteristics of Migrants (Catalogue No. 6250.0), 8 September 2000, p2 Note: This data is based on a survey for adult migrants who obtained permanent residency status from 1980 to 1999.
- DIMIA, Income support and other government benefits, (updated by DIMIA 17 March 2004) (accessed 29 April 2005).
- DIMIA, Fact Sheet 31- Family Stream Migration - Parents (revised by DIMIA 28 September 2004, updated by DIMIA 30 September 2004) (accessed 22 February 2005).
- DIMIA, Income support and other government benefits, (updated by DIMIA 17 March 2004)
(accessed 29 April 2005).
- DIMIA, Population Flows: Immigration Aspects, 2001 Edition, February 2002, Figure 2-3 Migration program Visas Granted 1992-93 to 2001-02, p 17.
- Note: The introduction of this category increases the number of places available for parents to migrate each year on the basis that they or their sponsor make a fairer contribution to their health or welfare costs. 4,930 parent category visas were granted in 2003-04 including both parent visa and contributory parent visa. In 2004-05, a limit of 4,500 places will be made. See DIMIA, Population Flows; Immigration Aspects, 2003-04 Edition, January 2005, p 28.
- Peter McDonald & Rebecca Kippen, The Impact of Immigration on the Ageing of Australia's Population, DIMIA, May 1999, p21.
- Tim Flannery, The Future Eaters: an ecological history of the Australasian lands and people, George Braziller, 1995, p369-375.
- Mary Kalantzis and Bill Cope, 'Why Are We Closing the Door to Migrants?' The Sun Herald, 15 March 1998.
- See: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Prisoners in Australia (Catalogue No. 4517.0), 22 January 2004, p15.
- See: Mukherjee, Ethnicity and Crime, Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice No. 117, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra, 1999.
- See: Australian Bureau of Statistics, Prisoners in Australia (Catalogue No. 4517.0), 30 June 2002. Supplementary advice from the Australian Bureau of Statistics National Centre for Crime and Justice Statistics. Note: Comparison of imprisonment rates of Australian and overseas-born persons should take into account:
* The country of birth data for the prisoner population contains a high proportion of 'unknown' birthplace (9% for 2002).
* Estimates of the population are made for a selected group of countries only.
* The denominator of the overseas-born imprisonment rate has been derived by subtracting the estimated Australian born adult population from the total adult population.
* There are large differences in the imprisonment rates for different overseas countries of birth. These differences could be due to a number of factors including age and sex components of each of these populations.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics, Prisoners in Australia (Catalogue No. 4517.0) 23 December 2004.
- DIMIA, The People of Australia: Statistics from the 2001 Census, Table 1, Australian Key Facts, September 2003, p1.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics, Migration, Australia (Catalogue No. 3412.0), 28 April, 2004, p2.
- DIMIA, Population Flows; Immigration Aspects, 2003-04 Edition, January 2005, p16.
- DIMIA, Population Flows; Immigration Aspects, 2003-04 Edition, January 2005, p4.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Social Trends 2004 (Catalogue No. 4102.0), p3.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics, Year Book Australia 2005, Population Country of birth Table 5.35 Birthplace of Parents of Australian Born People - 2001 (Catalogue No. 1301.0) p2.
- DIMIA, The People of Australia: Statistics from the 2001 Census, 2003, Table 11, Ancestry, p54.
- Ibid.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics, Year Book Australia 2005, Population Languages.
- DIMIA, The People of Australia: Statistics from the 2001 Census, 2003, Table 6, Languages Spoken,p20.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics, Selected Social and Housing Characteristics, 2001 Census (Catalogue No. 2015.0), 1 August 2002. Note: around one quarter of the population stated they had no religion or chose not to answer the religion question at the 2001 Census. See also DIMIA, The People of Australia: Statistics from the 2001 Census, Table 9, Religious Affiliation, September 2003, p43.
- DIMIA, Population Flows; Immigration Aspects, 2003-04 Edition, January 2005, p 91. See also: Commonwealth of Australia, Multicultural Australia: United in Diversity, 2003, p6.
- Australian Bureau of Statistics, Year Book Australia, Population Citizenship, January 2005 (Catalogue No. 1301.0). Note: Generally, people are eligible for Australian citizenship when they have been present in Australia as a permanent resident for a total of two years in the previous five years, including 12 months in the two years immediately before they apply.
For more information see: DIMIA, Fact Sheet 90 - Australian Citizenship, (revised by DIMIA 20 January 2005, updated by DIMIA 1 February 2005) (accessed 22 February 2005).
- DIMIA, Fact Sheet 90 - Australian Citizenship (revised by DIMIA 20 January 2005, updated by DIMIA 1 February 2005) (accessed 22 February 2005).
Note: Australian citizens may hold the citizenship of another country (dual citizenship) or more than 2 countries (plural citizenship). Recent changes to citizenship legislation, as of 4 April 2002, means that Australian citizens can acquire another citizenship and keep their Australian citizenship.
- Ann-Mari Jordens, Redefining Australians: Immigration, and National Identity, Hale & Iremonger, Sydney, 1995, pp6-7.
- Ibid. pp16-24 & 159.
- Ibid. pp44-45, 55, 92, 159.
- Ibid. pp20-22.
- Ibid. pp20-22.
- Ibid. pp157.
- Ibid. pp159.
- Ibid. p1.